| PART ONE | Computer Basics |
| Unit 1 | My Computer |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron 2． input; output 3． VLSI 4． workstations; mainframes 5． vacuum; transistors 6． instructions; software 7． digit; eight; byte 8． microminiaturization; chip II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． artificial intelligence 人工智能 2． paper-tape reader 纸空阅读机 3． optical computer 光学计算机 4． neural network 神经网络 5． instruction set 指令集 6． parallel processing 平行处理 7． difference engine 差分机 8． versatile logical element 通用逻辑器件 9． silicon substrate 硅基 10． vacuum tube 真空管（电子管） 11． the storage and handling of data 数据的存储与处理 12． very large-scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路 13． central processing unit 中央处理器 14． personal computer 个人计算机 15． analogue computer 模拟计算机 16． digital computer 数字计算机 17． general-purpose computer 通用计算机 18． processor chip 处理器芯片 19． operating instructions 操作指令 20． input device 输入设备 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer's speed, size, cost, and abilities. Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． display 2． underwater; GUI 3． intranet 4． functionality II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． circuit board 电路板 2． beta testing β测试 3． thin-client computer 瘦客户机电脑 4． cell phone 蜂窝电话（移动电话） 5． digital video 数码摄像机，数码影视 6． Pentium processor 奔腾处理器 7． virtual screen 虚拟屏幕 8． desktop computer specifications 台式计算机规格 9． radio frequency 射频 10． wearable computer 可佩带式计算机 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． loading 2． 100MB 3． Add/Remove Programs; Control Panel 4． Shut Down; Start Menu II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． Windows Registry 视窗注册表 2． swap file 交换文件 3． TMP file 临时文件 4． power plug 电源插头 5． free disk space 可用磁盘空间 6． Control Panel 控制面板 7． Start Menu 开始菜单 8． Add/Remove Programs option 添加�删除程序选项 |
| Unit 2 | Computer Architecture |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． input; output; storage 2． Basic Input Output System 3． flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners 4． LCD-based 5． dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers 6． disk drives; memory 7． Volatile 8． serial; parallel II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． information retrieval 信息检索 2． voice recognition module 语音识别模块 3． touch-sensitive region 触感区，触摸区 4． address bus 地址总线 5． flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪 6． dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机） 7． parallel connection 并行连接 8． cathode ray tube 阴极射线管 9． video game 电子游戏（港台亦称电玩） 10． audio signal 音频信号 11． operating system 操作系统 12． LCD (liquid crystal display) 液晶显示（器） 13． inkjet printer 喷墨打印机 14． data bus 数据总线 15． serial connection 串行连接 16． volatile memory 易失性存储器 17． laser printer 激光打印机 18． disk drive 磁盘驱动器 19． BIOS (Basic Input Output System) 基本输入输出系统 20． video display 视频显示器 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: CD-ROM stands for compact disk read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical disks use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disk, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy areas (called "pits") on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disk is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0. Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a "read-only" disk. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only to the data imprinted by the publisher. A single CD-ROM disk can store 650 megabytes of data. That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disk, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． low-speed 2． topology; hub 3． control; bulk 4． token; handshake II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． ISA slot ISA总线槽 2． configuration register 配置寄存器 3． still camera 静物照相机 4． token packet 令牌包 5． expansion hub 扩展集线器 6． USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线 7． root hub 根集线器 8． I/O device 输入输出设备 9． control frame 控制帧 10． PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 外部设备互连 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． higher; cheaper; shelf space 2． single-layer; double-sided; politics 3． Substrate 4． incompatibility II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． video tape 录像带 2． aspect ratio （电视、电影图像的）高宽比，纵横比 3． CD-RW 可擦写光驱 4． laser diode 激光二极管 5． reflective layer反射层 6． optical disk光盘 7． high resolution高分辨率 8． floppy disk 软盘 |
| Unit 3 | Operating System |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Software 2． Multitasking 3． Virtual 4． IBM or International Business Machines Corporation 5． UNIX; multiuser 6． Windows; graphical 7． command-line 8． distributed II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． data set 数据集 2． pointing device 指点设备 3． graphical user interface 图形化用户界面 4． time-slice multitasking 分时多任务处理 5． object-oriented programming 面向对象编程 6． click on an icon 点击图标 7． context switching 上下文转换 8． distributed system 分布式系统 9． pull-down lists of commands 命令的下拉列表 10． simultaneous access 同时访问 11． command-line interface 命令行界面 12． multitasking environment 多任务化环境 13． spreadsheet program 电子制表程序 14． main memory 主存 15． storage media 存储介质 16． disk file 磁盘文件 17． command interpreter 命令解释器 18． network connection 网络连接 19． DOS (disk operating system) 磁盘操作系统 20． copy a data file 拷贝数据文件 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: Operating systems for micro, mini, and mainframe computers perform many services. These services can be classified either as "external" or "internal." The operating system provides external services that help users start programs, manage stored data, and maintain security. You, as the computer user, control these external functions. Using a command-line, menu-driven, or GUI user interface, an operating system provides you with a way to select the programs you would like to use. The operating system also helps you find, rename, and delete documents and other data stored on disk or tape. On many, but not all computer systems, the operating system helps you maintain security by checking your user ID and password, as well as protecting your data from unauthorized access and revisions. The operating system provides internal services "behind the scenes" to ensure that the computer system functions efficiently. These internal services are not generally under your control, but instead are controlled by the operating system itself. The operating system controls input and output, allocates system resources, manages the storage space for programs and data, and detects equipment failure without any direction from you. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． UNIX 2． Networking 3． multitasking; drivers 4． client; protocols II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． serial port 串行端口 2． configuration utility 配置工具 3． ISDN 综合业务数字网 4． token ring 令牌环 5． fast Ethernet 快速以太网 6． virtual memory 虚拟内存 7． source code 源代码 8． swap space 交换空间 9． Internet protocol 因特网协议 10． SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) 超级视频图形阵列 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Releases 2． Windows 2000 3． 4Gbps or 4 gigabits per second 4． SMP; networking; memory II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． network throughput 网络吞吐量 2． registry access 注册表存取 3． scalable file server 规模可变的文件服务 4． static Web page 静态网页 5． physical memory 物理内存 6． Plug and Play 即插即用 7． network adapter 网络适配器 8． SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) 对称多任务处理 |
| Unit 4 | Computer Language and Programming |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． artificial; instructions 2． low-level; high-level 3． low-level 4． Machine 5． functional; logic 6． Statement 7． Module 8． digital II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． storage register 存储寄存器 2． function statement 函数语句 3． program statement 程序语句 4． object-oriented language 面向对象语言 5． assembly language 汇编语言 6． intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言 7． relational language 关系（型）语言 8． artificial language 人造语言 9． data declaration 数据声明 10． SQL 结构化查询语言 11． executable program 可执行程序 12． program module 程序模块 13． conditional statement 条件语句 14． assignment statemen t赋值语句 15． logic language 逻辑语言 16． machine language 机器语言 17． procedural language 过程语言 18． programming language 程序设计语言 19． run a computer program 运行计算机程序 20． computer programme r 计算机程序设计员 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details. The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machine's main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed "libraries" of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks―a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． object-oriented 2． user interface 3． Event 4． Controls II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． function call 函数调用 2． event-driven programming 事件驱动编程 3． click on a push button 点击按钮 4． application window 应用程序窗口 5． class hierarchy 类继承 6． child window 子窗口 7． application development environment 应用程序开发环境 8． pull-down menu 下拉菜单 9． dialog box 对话框 10． scroll bar 滚动条 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Objects 2． platform-independent 3． Multithreading 4． Runtime II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． native code 本机代码 2． header file 头文件 3． multithreaded program 多线程编程 4． Java-enabled browser 支持Java的浏览器 5． machine code 机器码 6． assembly code 汇编码 7． Trojan horse 特洛伊木马程序 8． software package 软件包 |
| PART TWO | Software Engineering |
| Unit 5 | Software Development |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． application; operating 2． assemblers 3． compiler 4． interpreter 5． Debugger 6． Loop 7． device driver 8． John von Neumann II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． inference engine 推理机 2． system call 系统调用 3． compiled language 编译语言 4． parallel computing 平行计算 5． pattern matching 模式匹配 6． free memory 空闲内存 7． interpreter program 解释程序 8． library routine 库程序 9． intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序 10． source file 源文件 11． interpreted language 解释（性）语言 12． device driver 设备驱动程序 13． source program 源程序 14． debugging program 调试程序 15． object code 目标代码 16． application program 应用程序 17． utility program 实用程序 18． logic program 逻辑程序 19． ink cartridge 墨盒 20． program storage and execution 程序的存储与执行 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code. Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer's machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs―such as assemblers, binders (联编程序), linkers (连接程序), and loaders (装入程序)―finish the translation. Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． client-side; server-side 2． UNIX 3． Database 4． operating system II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． Windows socket Windows套接字接口 2． Winsock interface Winsock接口 3． file repository 文件属性 4． client-side application 客户端应用程序 5． HTML tag HTML标记 6． Web browser 万维网浏览器 7． hardware platform 硬件平台 8． custom control 定制控件 9． OLE (object linking and embedding) 对象链接和嵌入 10． WAN (wide area network) 广域网 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． cross-platform 2． Exit; Quit 3． Unicode 4． Environment II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． search path 搜索路径 2． dynamic library 动态链接库 3． code set 代码集 4． ancestor menu 祖辈菜单 5． end user 最终用户 6． menu item 菜单项 7． cross-platform application 跨平台应用程序 8． character set 字符集 |
| Unit 6 | Distributed Systems |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Heterogeneous 2． Resources 3． client/server 4． Asynchronous 5． Multicast 6． Bridges 7． fault-tolerance 8． openness II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． procedure call 过程调用 2． structured message protocol 结构化消息协议 3． secure protocol 安全协议 4． networking protocol 网络协议 5． processing node 处理节点 6． homogeneous system 同构系统 7． cost effectiveness 成本效益 8． message encryption 信息加密（术） 9． message format 信息格式 10． component code 组件编码 11． sequential program 顺序程序 12． multicast protocol 多址通信协议 13． routing algorithm 路由算法 14． open system 开放式系统 15． heterogeneous environment 异构型环境 16． distributed processing 分布式处理 17． resource sharing 资源共享 18． structured message passing 结构化信息传送 19． communication(s) link 通信链路 20． development tool 开发工具 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: The client/server architecture is a proven approach to building flexible, scalable environments. It is an arrangement used on local area networks that makes use of "distributed intelligence" to treat both the server and the individual workstations as intelligent, programmable devices, thus exploiting the full computing power of each. This is done by splitting the processing of an application between two distinct components: a "front-end" client and a "back-end" server. The client component, itself a complete, stand-alone (独立的) personal computer (versus the "dumb" terminal found in older architectures such as the time-sharing used on a mainframe) offers the user its full range of power and features for running applications. The server component, which can be another personal computer, minicomputer, or a mainframe, enhances the client component by providing the traditional strengths offered by minicomputers and mainframes in a time-sharing environment: data management, information sharing between clients, and sophisticated network administration and security features. The advantage of the client/server architecture over older architectures is that the client and server machines work together to accomplish the processing of the application being used. Not only does this increase the processing power available, but it also uses that power more efficiently. The client portion of the application is typically optimized for user interaction, whereas the server portion provides the centralized, multi-user functionality. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． peer-to-peer 2． simultaneous; frequency 3． procedure; management; load 4． Software II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． logical entity 逻辑实体 2． client-server architecture 客户机-服务器结构 3． CPU cycle CPU周期 4． graphics acceleration 图形加速 5． software licensing 软件许可 6． word-processing application 字处理应用程序 7． load balancing 负载平衡 8． remote procedure call 远程过程调用 9． hardware configuration 硬件配置 10． peer-to-peer network 对等网络 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Physical 2． Overconfiguration 3． Changes 4． presentation; application; data management II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． font server 字体服务器 2． data management logic 数据管理逻辑规则 3． disk space 磁盘空间 4． conceptual model 概念模型 5． client-server model 客户�服务器模型 6． graphics display 图形显示 7． general-purpose hardware 通用硬件 8． system expandability 系统可扩展性 |
| Unit 7 | Database |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． data storage 2． Entities 3． DBMS or database management system 4． Inconsistency 5． SQL or Structured Query Language 6． storage engine; query processor 7． procedure calls 8． data presentation; data storage II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． language precompiler 程序语言预编译器 2． business logic implementation 业务逻辑实现 3． query processor 查询处理器 4． data modeling 数据建模 5． storage engine 存储引擎 6． tiered architecture 分层结构 7． database manager 数据库管理员 8． data presentation layer 数据表现层 9． logical database design 逻辑上的数据库设计 10． entity relationship diagram 实体关系图 11． query language 查询语言 12． host language 主机语言 13． Data Modification Language (DML) 数据修改语言 14． data redundancy 数据冗余 15． relational database 关系数据库 16． relational data model 关系数据模型 17． database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统 18． data element 数据元素 19． data access 数据存取 20． query optimization 查询优化 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so important in industrial societies that they can be found in almost every field of information. In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled (传送) through a few so-called research centres that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches (一批). On-line databases―that is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computer―first appeared in the 1970s. For the home user, the equipment required includes a computer terminal, a telephone, and a modem, which enables the terminal and the database (usually some type of search-service system) to communicate. The user simply dials the number of the service, provides a password code for identification and billing (记账), and types in questions to a chosen database on the terminal's keyboard. The data received may either be displayed on a terminal screen or printed out. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． columns; rows 2． permanent; temporary 3． Clustered; nonclustered 4． CHECK; PRIMARY KEY II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． global temporary table 全局临时表 2． partitioned data 分区的数据 3． virtual table 虚拟（临时）表 4． permanent table 永久（固定）表 5． log out of a system 退出登录的系统 6． primary key 主键 7． foreign key 外键 8． database object 数据库对象 9． clustered index 簇索引 10． local temporary table 本地临时表 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． File 2． user interface 3． Server 4． VCL II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． data module 数据模块 2． object repository 对象库 3． local database 本地（机）数据库 4． client dataset 客户端数据集 5． remote database server 远程数据库服务器 6． flat file 平面文件 7． data source 数据源 8． Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) 分布式组件对象模型 |
| PART THREE | Network and Communication |
| Unit 8 | Telecommunications and Information Superhighway |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Telegraph 2． dots; dashes 3． Media 4． point-to-point 5． Analog 6． Digital 7． text-based 8． modem II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． microwave radio 微波无线电 2． digital television 数字电视 3． DSL 数字用户线路 4． analog transmission 模拟传输 5． on-screen pointer 屏幕（触摸屏）上的指示（器） 6． computer terminal 计算机终端 7． radio telephone 无线电话 8． cellular telephone 蜂窝电话（移动电话） 9． decentralized network 分散的网络 10． wire-based internal network 基于普通网线的内部网络 11． fiber-optic cable 光缆 12． fax machine 传真机 13． wireless communications 无线通信 14． point-to-point communications 点对点通信 15． modulated electrical impulse 调制电脉冲 16． communication(s) satellite 通信卫星 17． telegraph key 电报电键 18． transmission medium 传输媒体 19． cordless telephone 无绳电话 20． metal conductor 金属导体 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: Data communications is the process of transmitting and receiving data in an orderly way so the data that arrives at its destination is an accurate duplication of the data that was sent. When data travels a short distance, such as when you send data from your computer to your printer, it is referred to as local communications. When data travels a long distance, the communication is referred to as telecommunications; the prefix "tele" is derived from a Greek word that means "far" or "far off." The difference between a short distance and a long distance is somewhat arbitrary (武断的). For example, if your computer sends data to a printer in the next room, it is regarded as local communications; if you phone the person in the next room, you are transmitting data over a telecommunications device. However, the same basic communications concepts apply to both local communications and telecommunications. Basic data communications concepts are the building blocks for understanding how data travels on a communications system. These concepts come in handy (派得上用处) when you install, configure, or upgrade a local area network. In addition, these concepts help you set up modems, fax machines, and cellular data transfers. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Layering 2． Interconnected 3． Al Gore or Gore 4． Bandwidth II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． error recovery 错误恢复 2． parity function 奇偶函数 3． video on demand 视频点播 4． collision detection 冲突检测 5． protocol layering 协议层 6． architectural model 体系结构模型 7． packet switching 包交换 8． enterprise network 企业网 9． protocol suite 协议组 10． commercial backbone 商用骨干网 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Transfer 2． Cells 3． Label 4． Integrated II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． high-definition TV 高清晰度电视 2． frame relay 帧中继 3． data rate 数据传输率 4． metropolitan area network 城域网 5． set-top box 机顶盒 6． multi-mode fiber 多模光纤 7． protocol stack 协议堆栈 8． VPI (virtual path identifier) 虚拟路径标识符 |
| Unit 9 | Computer Networks |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Ethernet 2． Limited 3． Bridges 4． Routers 5． telephone; wide 6． Broadband 7． Objects 8． public key II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． coaxial cable 同轴电缆 2． computer networking 计算机网络 3． multiple-access network 多路访问网络 4． management software 管理软件 5． broadband connection 宽带连接 6． confidential information 机密信息 7． monolithic system 单片机系统 8． star network 星型网络 9． bus network 总线型网络 10． ring network 环形网络 11． network resources 网络资源 12． public key system 公钥体制 13． public telephone network 公用电话网 14． data encryption system 数据加密系统 15． information superhighway 信息高速公路 16． information age 信息时代 17． computer security 计算机安全 18． data network 数据网 19． data link 数据链路 20． access protocol 存取协议 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and other devices dispersed (分散) over a relatively limited area and connected by a communications link that enables any device to interact with any other on the network. LANs commonly include microcomputers and shared (often expensive) resources such as laser printers and large hard disks. Most (modern) LANs can support a wide variety of computers and other devices. Each device must use the proper physical and data-link protocols for the particular LAN, and all devices that want to communicate with each other on the LAN must use the same upper-level communications protocol. Although single LANs are geographically limited (to a department or an office building, for example), separate LANs can be connected to form larger networks. Similar LANs are linked by bridges, which act as transfer points between networks; dissimilar LANs are linked by gateways, which both transfer data and convert it according to the protocols used by the receiving network. The devices on a LAN are known as nodes, and the nodes are connected by cabling through which messages are transmitted. Nodes on a LAN can be wired together in any of three basic topologies, known as bus, ring, and star. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． backup; load balancing 2． core; access 3． scaled; distributed 4． bandwidth; configuration II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． switched internetwork 交换式内部网 2． routing protocol 路由协议 3． carrier sense 载波侦听 4． spanning tree 生成树 5． hierarchical network 分层网络 6． dynamic routing 动态路由选择 7． VLAN (virtual local area network) 虚拟局域网 8． UNI (user network interface) 用户网络接口 9． campus network 校园网 10． modular model 模块模型 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Server 2． Directory 3． diskless workstation 4． remote node II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． diskless workstation 无盘工作站 2． group scheduling 成组调度 3． remote node 远程节点 4． printer port 打印口 5． remote access 远程访问 6． DUN (Dial-Up Networking) 拨号联网 7． parallel port 并行端口 8． NOS (network operating system) 网络操作系统 |
| Unit 10 | Network Infrastructure |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． nodes; connections 2． bus; ring 3． Terminator 4． Hub 5． Ring 6． Logical 7． Star 8． passive; active II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． network layout 网络布局 2． physical topology 物理拓扑结构 3． logical topology 逻辑拓扑结构 4． star configuration 星型结构 5． physical network connection 物理网络连接 6． high-end active hub 高端主动式集线器 7． passive hub 被动式集线器 8． network node 网络节点 9． electrical ground 电气接地 10． data flow 数据流 11． wiring closet 布线室 12． multistation access unit 多站访问单元 13． star topology 星形拓扑结构 14． bus topology 总线拓扑结构 15． ring topology 环形拓扑结构 16． network topology 网络拓扑结构 17． centralized network management 集中式网络管理 18． intelligent hub 智能集线器 19． network hub 网络集线器 20． physical network 物理网络 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: Ethernet, originally developed in 1973 at Xerox, is by far the most popular network technology in use today. The logical topology of an Ethernet network is always a bus. The predominant physical topology used to be a bus as well, but has been eclipsed (使暗淡) in recent years by the star topology. Because Ethernet is logically a bus, data is transmitted to every node on the network. Each node sees every transmission, and receives transmissions destined (预定的) for it based on the address of its network adapter. This approach to sharing a single cable for all transmissions is known as the multiple access method. Only one node can successfully transmit at any given time, so the nodes must agree on a way to share the cable without interfering with each other. The Ethernet standard specifies how the nodes share the bus. Before a node starts transmitting, it briefly listens to the bus for other traffic. This activity is known as carrier sensing. If another node is already transmitting, the node desiring to transmit tries again later. If there's no other traffic on the bus, the node begins transmission. This approach avoids transmissions stepping on each other―in most cases. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Transmission; Internet 2． network-level; application-level 3． Native 4． protocol stack II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． heterogeneous network 异构网络 2． packet delivery 包发送 3． IBM compatible IBM兼容的 4． IP datagram IP数据报 5． DOS box DOS箱（机） 6． HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 超文本传送协议 7． NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) 网络新闻传送协议 8． SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 简单邮件传送协议 9． security hole 安全漏洞 10． system crash 系统崩溃 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Internet; physical 2． Packets 3． Network 4． Full-duplex II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． physical address 物理地址 2． data transfer 数据迁移 3． header checksum 报头校验 4． stream delivery （数据）流发送 5． virtual circuit 虚电路 6． network layer 网络层 7． full-duplex transmission 全双工传输 8． ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) 地址解释协议 |
| Unit 11 | Internet |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． client-server 2． Host 3． Multimedia 4． dedicated或dial-up; dial-up或dedicated 5． Hypertext 6． URLs或Uniform Resource Locators 7． Bandwidth 8． ARPANET II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． list server 列表服务器 2． transmission scheme 传输模式 3． data packet 数据包 4． Mbps 每秒兆字节 5． hypermedia document 超媒体文档 6． FTP 文件传输协议 7． host network 主机网络 8． dedicated access 专线访问 9． storage format 存储格式 10． mail server 邮件服务器 11． multimedia file 多媒体文件 12． dial-up access 拨号访问 13． LAN (local area network) 局域网 14． retrieve files 检索文件 15． ISP (Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务供应商 16． WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网 17． URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 统一资源定位符 18． TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 传输控制协议 19． data stream 数据流 20． log on 登录 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: Web pages are actually small computer programs, written in a computer language understood by Web browsers. The primary language used for Web pages is called HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language. HTML provides a way of describing exactly how a page will look when it's published on the Web. HyperText refers to the capability of linking pages together so users can quickly navigate through material based on their own interests. (If you've used the Windows Help system to find the answer to a question, you've probably clicked several hypertext links.) Markup refers to the capability to specify position, size, font, color, and other attributes of elements on the page. Therefore, HTML is a programming language that enables you to create and link together pages, and to specify just about every detail of how the page looks when viewed by a Web browser. HTML isn't the end of the line for markup languages. Development of several new languages is under way, to provide more powerful Web publishing capabilities. One of the most promising is XML, or Extensible Markup Language. Some experts believe it will replace HTML in the next few years. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Destination 2． commercial; educational; governmental 3． Plain 4． headers; footers II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． plain text 纯文本 2． destination address 3． mail-user agent 邮件用户代理 4． message transfer agent 消息传送代理 5． graphics-based file 6． analog signal 模拟信号 7． domain name 域名 8． text file 文本文件 9． text editor 文本编辑器 10． e-mail address 电子邮件地址 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． 56K 2． Low 3． sound card 4． Reflectors II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． sound card 声卡 2． Web page 网页 3． video camera 摄像机，摄像头 4． plug-in software 嵌入软件 5． input/output port 输入�输出端口 6． home page 主页 7． video capture card 视频捕获卡 8． chat room 聊天室 |
| PART FOUR | IT and Our Life |
| Unit 12 | IT and Computer Application |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Production 2． Technological 3． agricultural; industrial 4． Largest 5． Processors 6． Information-processing 7． Flattening 8． information II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． electric motor 电动机 2． desktop publishing 桌面出版系统（台式出版系统） 3． information-related services 信息相关服务 4． information-based occupation 基于信息的职业 5． information processor 信息处理 6． textual data 文本的数据 7． numerical data 数字的数据 8． audio data 音频数据 9． fibre optics 纤维光学 10． digital thermometer 数字温度计 11． information revolution 信息革命 12． technological revolution 技术革命 13． global market 全球市场 14． IT (information technology) 信息技术 15． multimedia product 多媒体产品 16． information specialist 信息专家 17． database management 数据库管理 18． video data 视频数据 19． information-processing system 信息处理系统 20． telephone helpline 电话服务热线 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: It is frequently claimed that the most potent (强有力的) agent of change on present-day society and the economy will prove to be information technology. The so-called digital revolution whereby information―whether text, sound, or video―can be converted into, and from, binary digits (bits) and transmitted over global networks is believed to be likely to transform industries such as banking, telecommunications, and publishing. Advances in light-wave communications technology based on optical fibres have vastly increased the volume and speed of information transmission. The development of flat-panel displays (平板显示器) has allowed the computer mobility from the desk. Together these have contributed to the integration of computer and communications technology which, for the user, transcends (超越) space and makes information available on demand. As well as rich opportunities, such a major social change presents severe challenges. One is how to avoid the creation of a divided society of information "haves" and "have nots". This is both a national and an international problem. Others relate to ownership and security of information: cyberspace (网络空间) is a new frontier where existing legal principles and practice are having to be rethought. Yet again, there are moral issues to be faced about the kinds of information which should be openly available to users of the Internet. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． hardware; data 2． Layers 3． Geocoding 4． vector; raster II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． tabular data 表格数据 2． raster image 光栅图像 3． vector model 矢量模型 4． statistical analysis system 统计分析系统 5． model atmospheric circulation 模拟大气循环 6． computer-based tool 基于计算机的工具 7． geographic information system 地理信息系统 8． database operation 数据库操作 9． grid cell 网格单元 10． closed loop 闭环 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Software 2． keyword-based 3． intelligence; computing 4． inter-operability II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． domain-specific tag 特定（指定）域标记 2． handheld terminal 手持终端设备 3． life cycle 生命周期（生存周期） 4． mobile agent toolkit 移动代理工具包 5． XML (eXtensible Markup Language) 扩展标签语言 6． data mining 数据挖掘 7． game theory 博弈论 8． keyword-based text search(ing) 基于关键字的搜索 |
| Unit 13 | e-Business |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． commercial; network 2． catalogs; engines 3． currencies; checks 4． relationship-based; purses 5． Signatures 6． cash; token 7． Public 8． Symmetric II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． user authentication 用户认证 2． electronic purse 电子钱包 3． information filter 信息过滤 4． data integrity 数据完整性 5． smart card 智能卡 6． HTML 超文本标记语言 7． symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统 8． message authentication code 信息鉴定码 9． unauthorized access control 未授权访问控制 10． electronic catalog 电子目录 11． electronic money (或cash) 电子货币 12． search engine 搜索引擎 13． digital signature 数字签名 14． user interface 用户界面 15． EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) 电子资金转帐 16． public key cryptosystem 公钥密码系统 17． PDA (personal digital assistant) 个人数字助理 18． hypertext link 超文本链接 19． 3D image 三维图像 20． credit card 信用卡 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: The term electronic commerce encompasses the entire process of buying, selling, and advertising products and services using electronic communications media. But when people talk about (e-commerce) today, they're usually referring to the emerging marketplace on the Internet. (Retailers) of all kinds are now scrambling to establish themselves and reach (customers) in this new marketplace. The major obstacle to e-commerce is the problem of how to pay for (products) and services online. How can electronic (payments) be made convenient, reliable, and (secure) for consumers and retailers alike? As with every other Internet (technology), a global standard for online (transactions) must emerge before e-commerce becomes a widely accepted (practice). The drive to establish a standard for (electronic) money is well underway. Software developers, banks, and (credit) card companies are all pushing transaction systems to (online) merchants, each betting that their system will become the (standard) way to pay for things online. As a Web (storefront) owner, you must investigate all the (options) and offer as many choices to your customers as they demand, while keeping (costs) and complexities from getting out of hand. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Four 2． e-Business 3． vendor-centric; customer-centric 4． Infrastructure II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． vendor-centric model 客户中心模式 2． Web site 网站 3． Web surfing 网上冲浪 4． middleware server 中间件服务 5． back-end platform 后端平台 6． e-Business strategy 电子商务策略 7． binary format 二进制格式 8． customer-oriented e-Business system 面向客户的电子商务系统 9． ISV (independent software vendor) 独立软件推销商 10． information infrastructure 信息基础结构设施 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Services 2． Marketing 3． storefronts; consulting 4． advertisements; subscriptions II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． Web storefront 网上店面 2． electronic press kit 电子版发行包 3． online retail 在线零售 4． multimedia demo 多媒体演示 5． online access 联机访问 6． value-added services 增值业务 7． product promotion 产品推销 8． communication medium 通信媒体 |
| Unit 14 | Computer Security |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． employees 2． Hackers 3． Crackers 4． damage; manipulation 5． Worm 6． software piracy 7． access; backup 8． Passwords II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． encryption program 加密程序 2． deletion command 删除命令 3． authorized user 授权的用户 4． backup copy 备份的副本 5． voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压 6． circuit breaker 断路器 7． electronic component 电子器件 8． data-entry error 数据输入错误 9． electronic break-in 电路中断 10． power line 电力线，输电线 11． detection program 检测程序 12． power source 电源 13． destructive computer program 破坏性计算机程序 14． computer virus 计算机病毒 15． software piracy 软件侵权 16． hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器 17． virus checker 病毒检查程序 18． primary storage 主存储器 19． electronic bulletin board 电子公告板 20． surge protector 浪涌电压保护器 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: A virus or other unwelcome surprise can lurk in your computer system for days or months without discovery. A time bomb is a computer program that stays in your system undetected until it is triggered by a certain event in time, such as when the computer system clock reaches a certain date. A time bomb is usually carried by a virus or Trojan horse. For example, the Michelangelo virus contains a time bomb designed to damage files on your hard disk on March 6, the birthday of artist Michelangelo. A logic bomb is a computer program that is triggered by the appearance or disappearance of specific data. For example, suppose a programmer in a large corporation believes that she is on the list of employees to be terminated during the next cost-cutting campaign. Her hostility (敌意) overcomes her ethical (道德的) judgment, and she creates a logic bomb program that checks the payroll (在职人员名单) file every day to make sure her employment status is still active. If the programmer's status changes to "terminated," her logic bomb activates a program that destroys data on the computer. A time bomb or logic bomb might do mischief (祸害) in your computer long before the timer goes off. If the bomb contains a virus, it could replicate and spread to other files. Meanwhile, you might send files from your computer to other computers, not knowing that they are infected. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Macro 2． boot sector 3． Parasitic 4． Trojan或Trojan Horse II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． partition table 分区表 2． host program 主机程序 3． anti-virus software 反毒软件 4． global template 公用模板 5． virus signature 病毒特征代码 6． BBS (bulletin board system) 公告板系统 7． data corruption 数据毁损 8． MBR (master boot record) 主引导记录 9． boot sector 引导扇区 10． macro virus 宏病毒 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Protect 2． entertainment; challenge 3． IP address 4． back doors II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． system platform 系统平台 2． install back doors 安置后门 3． email attachment 电子邮件的附件 4． vulnerability assessment tool 弱点评估工具 5． network security measure 网络安全措施 6． system maintenance personnel 系统维护人员 7． MX record 函件交换记录 8． hack a system 非法闯入系统 |
| Unit 15 | Remarks by IT Giants |
| Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． color TVs 2． Web 3． Corporations 4． Connectivity 5． access或connectivity 6． telecommunications; telephone 7． wireless; high-bandwidth 8． Internet II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． PC-plus era PC影响力增强的时代 2． cable modem 海底电缆 3． universal PC model 通用PC模式 4． multifunctional device 多功能设备 5． information overload 信息过载，信息超负荷 6． high-bandwidth connectivity 高带宽连通性 7． consumer electronics 消费类电器 8． investment portfolio 投资组合 9． virtual convergence 虚拟整合 10． tablet PC 便笺簿式个人电脑 11． voice recognition 语音识别 12． smart television 智能电视 13． R & D (research and development) 研究与开发 14． surf the Web 在网上冲浪 15． Auto PC 自动个人计算机 16． e-mail colleagues 给同事发电子邮件 17． Web-enabled cell phone 具有上网功能的手机 18． digital technology 数字技术 19． wireless technology 无线技术 20． broadband communications 宽带通信 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: At home, you'll be able to operate your PC by talking to it. It will automatically back up all your information, update its own software and synchronize itself with your TV, cell phone, handheld, and all the devices on your home network. The refrigerator in your kitchen will know how well stocked it is, suggest recipes based on what's available, and order more food from your online grocer. Your TV will double as an interactive shopping mall, letting you buy advertised products or clothes you saw in a sitcom. And if you don't want to watch TV, you'll be able to read an electronic book that knows your favorite authors and automatically downloads their latest novels. If you decide to read one of them, your bank account will be debited. Sounds like science fiction? Just a few years ago, it was. But thanks to the microprocessor―and to all the incredible innovations in software, hardware, the Internet and telecommunications―everything I've described is already possible. And although you can't yet buy all these devices at your local computer retailer, the incredible speed at which technology is advancing means that it won't be long before they're as commonplace as the PC. |
| Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． information; communication 2． e-business 3． Restructuring 4． Application II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． networking technology 网络技术 2． assembly plant 组装厂 3． state-owned enterprise 国有企业 4． economic reform 经济改革 5． supply chain 供应链 6． cable television 有线电视 7． cost control 成本控制 8． joint venture 合资企业 9． application software 应用软件 10． inventory management 库存管理 |
| Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Fundamentals 2． Opportunities 3． technology; technological 4． memory chips; microprocessors II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． inflection point 拐点，回折点 2． media industry 媒体业 3． mainframe computer 大型计算机 4． problem diagnosis 问题诊断 5． technological concept 技术概念 6． ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) 自动柜员机 7． memory chip 存储芯片 8． competitive environment 竞争环境 |
